Muhammad Iqbal

Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938) was a British Indian poet, philosopher, and politician whose Urdu and Persian writings helped inspire Muslim political thought and the Pakistan movement.

Khudi: A concept of selfhood and spiritual agency developed in Iqbal’s poetry and philosophy. Iqbal made the strengthening of the self a central path toward spiritual and collective renewal.
Sialkot: A city in Punjab, Pakistan, where Muhammad Iqbal was born in 1877. Iqbal’s early life began in this Punjabi city.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A lawyer and political leader who became the principal founder of Pakistan. Iqbal urged Jinnah to lead Muslim politics in India during the 1930s.
Allahabad Address: Iqbal’s 1930 presidential address proposing the consolidation of Muslim-majority regions in northwestern India. The address made his constitutional vision for Muslim self-government explicit.
Ijtihad: Independent legal reasoning used to interpret Islamic law in changing circumstances. Iqbal argued that renewed ijtihad could help Muslim societies respond to modern conditions.
Asrar-e-Khudi: Iqbal’s 1915 Persian philosophical poem on the development of the self. This poem gives his account of khudi its most sustained early expression.
Government College University, Lahore: A university in Lahore where Iqbal studied philosophy and later taught. Its philosophical education helped prepare him for advanced study in Europe.
Liaquat Ali Khan: A Muslim League leader who became Pakistan’s first prime minister. Iqbal’s correspondence with Liaquat connected his political circle to the League’s future leadership.
All-India Muslim League: A political organization founded in 1906 to represent Muslim interests in British India. Iqbal served as its president in 1930 and pressed for Muslim political autonomy.
Sufism: A broad tradition of Islamic spirituality emphasizing inner discipline and direct experience of God. Sufi ideas and poetry supply much of the spiritual language Iqbal reworked.

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