Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system in which inflammation and tissue damage disrupt communication between the brain, spinal cord, and body.

Myelin: Myelin is a lipid-rich insulating sheath around many nerve fibers that helps electrical signals travel efficiently. It is the main target of damage in the disease’s characteristic lesions.
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is a disease course marked by attacks of new or worsening symptoms followed by periods of recovery. It is the most common course at initial diagnosis.
Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate bodily activity. Multiple sclerosis affects this system rather than peripheral nerves.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. It can resemble multiple sclerosis but is a distinct disease requiring different treatment.
Epstein–Barr virus: Epstein–Barr virus is a widespread herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis in some people and persists for life. Infection is strongly associated with later multiple sclerosis, but the causal pathway remains under study.
Demyelination: Demyelination is the loss or damage of myelin surrounding nerve fibers. It slows or blocks signals in affected central nervous system pathways.
Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is a course in which disability gradually worsens after an earlier relapsing-remitting phase. It describes a possible later course after years of relapses.
Oligodendrocyte: An oligodendrocyte is a central nervous system cell that forms myelin around nerve fibers. Damage to these cells can impair myelin maintenance and repair.
MOG antibody-associated disease: MOG antibody-associated disease is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder associated with antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Its overlapping symptoms and imaging findings can complicate diagnosis.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble compounds involved in calcium regulation and other biological processes. Low levels are associated with increased risk, though their causal role is not fully settled.

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