Multiplication

Multiplication combines equal-sized groups or scales a quantity by a factor to produce a product. It is commonly written with the symbols ×, ·, or parentheses.

Addition: The arithmetic operation that combines quantities to produce a sum. Multiplication of whole numbers can be understood as repeated addition of equal quantities.
Long multiplication: A written algorithm that multiplies numbers by calculating and adding place-value-aligned partial products. It makes the distributive structure of multidigit multiplication explicit.
Scaling (geometry): A transformation that enlarges or shrinks figures by multiplying distances by a common factor. Multiplying lengths by a scale factor produces a geometrically similar figure.
Division: The arithmetic operation that partitions a quantity or determines how many times one quantity fits into another. Division reverses multiplication when the divisor is nonzero.
Babylonian mathematics: The mathematical practices of ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, recorded largely on cuneiform tablets. Babylonian scribes used place-value tables and procedures to calculate products.
Factor: A number or expression multiplied by another to form a product. The numbers being multiplied are the product’s factors.
Lattice multiplication: A multiplication algorithm that organizes digit products in a grid and adds along diagonals. It computes the same partial products as long multiplication with a different layout.
Area: A measure of the two-dimensional extent of a surface or region. Rectangular area is calculated by multiplying length by width.
Subtraction: The arithmetic operation that finds the difference between quantities or removes one quantity from another. Unlike multiplication, subtraction is not commutative or associative.
Egyptian multiplication: An ancient method of multiplication based on doubling and adding selected quantities. It illustrates an early algorithm for obtaining products without a standard multiplication table.

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