Murad II

Murad II was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451, expanding Ottoman power in the Balkans.

Battle of Varna: A 1444 battle in which Ottoman forces defeated a crusader army led by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary. Murad returned from retirement to command the Ottoman victory that ended the Varna Crusade.
Mehmed II: An Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ruled in two periods, 1444–1446 and 1451–1481. Murad's son succeeded him in 1444, briefly ruled during his retirement, and inherited the throne again in 1451.
Ottoman Interregnum: A succession crisis from 1402 to 1413 in which rival sons of Bayezid I fought for Ottoman rule. Its aftermath shaped the fragile succession Murad faced when he took power in 1421.
Ottoman–Venetian War (1423–1430): A war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice that ended with Ottoman capture of Thessalonica in 1430. The city's conquest gave Murad a major foothold in the northern Aegean.
Battle of Kosovo (1448): A three-day battle in 1448 in which Ottoman forces defeated the Hungarian-led army of John Hunyadi. The victory secured Murad's Balkan position after the Varna campaign.
John Hunyadi: A Hungarian military leader who fought Ottoman expansion in the Balkans during the 1440s and 1450s. His victories in the Long Campaign and at Varna made him Murad's most formidable Christian adversary.
Janissaries: An elite infantry corps of the Ottoman sultan's household, recruited through the devshirme system for much of its history. Their revolt in 1446 helped compel Murad to resume the throne.
Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty (1430): An agreement ending the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1423–1430 and recognizing Ottoman control of Thessalonica. The settlement confirmed territorial gains made during Murad's reign.
Siege of Constantinople (1422): An Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1422 that failed to capture the Byzantine capital. Murad's unsuccessful siege showed the limits of Ottoman power against Constantinople's defenses.
Władysław III of Poland: King of Poland from 1434 and of Hungary from 1440 until his death at the Battle of Varna in 1444. He broke the truce with Murad and led the crusading army defeated at Varna.

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Mehmed IBroader topic: He succeeded Mehmed and continued the recovery of Ottoman power.