Nabonidus

Nabonidus was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from 556 to 539 BCE. His long residence in Arabia and restoration of the moon god Sîn shaped his controversial reign.

Cyrus the Great: Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Persian Empire and conquered Babylon in 539 BCE. His conquest ended Nabonidus’s rule and incorporated Babylonia into the Persian Empire.
Labashi-Marduk: Labashi-Marduk was a short-lived king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, deposed before Nabonidus took the throne. His removal created the opening through which Nabonidus became king.
Berossus: Berossus was a Babylonian priest who wrote a Greek-language history of Babylonia in the third century BCE. His later account helped transmit traditions about Nabonidus beyond cuneiform sources.
Ehulhul: Ehulhul was the temple of Sîn at Harran, restored under Nabonidus. Its restoration was a defining act of Nabonidus’s religious program.
Cyrus Cylinder: The Cyrus Cylinder is a Babylonian royal inscription issued after Cyrus conquered Babylon. Its account of Cyrus’s takeover presents a contrast to Nabonidus’s royal record.
Neriglissar: Neriglissar was a Babylonian king who ruled from 560 to 556 BCE before Labashi-Marduk. His death began the succession crisis preceding Nabonidus’s accession.
Herodotus: Herodotus was a Greek historian whose fifth-century BCE work describes the rise of the Persian Empire. His narrative supplies a Greek perspective on Cyrus’s expansion that culminated in Babylon’s fall.
Stele of Nabonidus at Harran: The Stele of Nabonidus at Harran is a royal inscription describing the king’s restoration of Ehulhul and devotion to Sîn. It gives Nabonidus’s own account of the Harran temple project.
Belshazzar: Belshazzar was Nabonidus’s son and a powerful official who governed Babylon during his father’s absence. His stewardship helps explain how Babylon was administered while Nabonidus stayed in Arabia.
Adad-guppi: Adad-guppi was Nabonidus’s mother, whose Harran inscription describes her devotion to the moon god Sîn. Her inscription presents a family and religious context for Nabonidus’s restoration of Sîn’s cult.

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