Nadia Boulanger

Nadia Boulanger (1887–1979) was a French composer, conductor, organist, and teacher whose Paris studio trained generations of composers and performers.

Lili Boulanger: Lili Boulanger (1893–1918) was a French composer and the first woman to win the Prix de Rome for composition. Nadia’s younger sister was also her student and an early source of her devotion to teaching.
Counterpoint: Counterpoint is the composition of independent melodic lines that sound together. Boulanger used contrapuntal study to train students to hear how musical lines interact.
Conservatoire de Paris: The Conservatoire de Paris is a French institution for professional music and dance training, founded in 1795. Boulanger studied there and received the rigorous institutional training she later passed on.
Orchestre Philharmonique de Paris: The Orchestre Philharmonique de Paris was a French orchestra founded in 1935 and dissolved in 1938. Boulanger conducted the orchestra, building a public career as a prominent woman conductor.
Women in classical music: Women in classical music are composers, performers, conductors, and scholars working in the classical tradition. Boulanger’s public authority challenged barriers facing women composers and conductors.
Aaron Copland: Aaron Copland (1900–1990) was an American composer known for works that helped define a distinctive U.S. concert-music style. His Paris studies with Boulanger shaped his compositional craft and confidence.
Figured bass: Figured bass is a shorthand notation of intervals above a bass line, used to guide harmonic realization. Its practical analysis of harmony formed part of the historical musicianship she taught.
Prix de Rome: The Prix de Rome was a French state prize that funded artists’ study in Rome. Boulanger competed for the prize, which shaped her early ambitions as a composer.
BBC Symphony Orchestra: The BBC Symphony Orchestra is a British orchestra founded in 1930 and based in London. Boulanger conducted the orchestra and became the first woman to conduct it.
American classical music: American classical music comprises concert-music traditions developed in the United States. Her students helped shape U.S. composition after studying with her in Paris.

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