NADPH

NADPH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that donates electrons in biosynthesis and antioxidant defense.

NADP+: NADP+ is the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which accepts electrons to become NADPH. NADPH donates electrons by reverting to this oxidized form.
Fatty acid synthesis: A set of metabolic reactions that build fatty acids from acetyl-CoA units. Fatty-acid synthesis consumes NADPH to reduce growing carbon chains.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: A coenzyme that transfers electrons in metabolic reactions, commonly in the NAD+/NADH pair. NADPH is a phosphorylated relative with a distinct emphasis on reductive metabolism.
NADH: The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, used widely in energy-yielding metabolism. NADH and NADPH carry electrons, but cells generally assign them different metabolic roles.
Pentose phosphate pathway: A cytosolic metabolic pathway that produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate. Its oxidative reactions are a major source of cellular NADPH.
Cholesterol biosynthesis: The multistep pathway that produces cholesterol from acetyl-CoA. Several reductive steps in this pathway draw electrons from NADPH.
Nicotinamide: A pyridine-containing amide that forms the redox-active part of NAD+ and NADP+. Its ring accepts and donates the hydride carried by NADPH.
NAD+: The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an electron acceptor in metabolism. Unlike NADP+, it lacks the phosphate that distinguishes NADPH's coenzyme family.
NADPH oxidase: An enzyme complex that transfers electrons from NADPH to oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species. It uses NADPH as an electron donor rather than as a biosynthetic resource.
Glutathione: A small cellular molecule that cycles between reduced and oxidized forms to help control redox balance. NADPH helps regenerate its reduced form, which protects cells from oxidative damage.

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