Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, also called Artsakh, was a self-proclaimed Armenian polity in Nagorno-Karabakh that was not internationally recognized as an independent state.

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis over Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding territories. The republic arose from this conflict and remained at its center.
De facto state: A political entity that governs a territory without broad international recognition as a sovereign state. This category describes the republic’s practical governance and contested legal status.
First Nagorno-Karabakh War: The 1988–1994 war between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces over Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent territories. Its outcome enabled the republic to govern Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas.
Azerbaijan: A country in the South Caucasus whose internationally recognized territory included Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan rejected the republic’s independence and asserted sovereignty over the region.
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast: An autonomous region within Soviet Azerbaijan, established in 1923 and populated mainly by ethnic Armenians. The republic claimed territory whose Soviet-era status shaped its emergence.
Artsakh Defense Army: The armed forces of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, established in 1992. It defended the territory controlled by the republic during successive conflicts.
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war: A 44-day war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh in autumn 2020. Its outcome sharply reduced territory held by the republic.
Armenia: A country in the South Caucasus that supported the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenia backed the republic but did not formally recognize it as an independent state.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The breakup of the Soviet Union into independent states between 1988 and 1991. The union’s dissolution created the political opening for competing sovereignty claims.
Administrative divisions of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: The districts and municipalities used to organize local government in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. These divisions show how the polity organized its claimed territory.

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