Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh is a mountainous territory internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Its former Armenian-led de facto state ended in 2023 after Azerbaijan regained control.

Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast: A Soviet autonomous region within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, established in 1923 with a predominantly Armenian population. Its Soviet-era boundaries became the territorial focus of the later dispute.
First Nagorno-Karabakh War: The 1988–1994 war between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces over Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding territories. Its outcome established Armenian-led control that lasted for decades.
Ilham Aliyev: The president of Azerbaijan since 2003 and a central figure in its policy toward Nagorno-Karabakh. He directed Azerbaijan's efforts to restore control over the territory.
Displacement of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh: The mass departure of ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, especially after Azerbaijan's 2023 offensive. The end of de facto rule was followed by the flight of nearly the entire Armenian population.
Territorial integrity: The principle that a state's borders and political unity should be respected by other states. Azerbaijan invoked it to oppose Nagorno-Karabakh's separation.
Armenian–Azerbaijani relations: The political and social relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan, shaped by conflict, diplomacy, and competing national narratives. The territory's status has been a central and enduring issue between the two states.
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war: A 44-day war in 2020 in which Azerbaijan regained territory from Armenian forces and the de facto authorities. Its ceasefire redrew control and left the former de facto state increasingly isolated.
Nikol Pashinyan: The prime minister of Armenia since 2018, who led the country through the 2020 war and its aftermath. His government negotiated the 2020 ceasefire and later accepted Azerbaijan's territorial integrity.
Khojaly massacre: The killing of Azerbaijani civilians during the capture of Khojaly by Armenian forces in February 1992. It became a defining source of Azerbaijani grievance and a contested memory of the war.
Self-determination: The principle that a people may determine its political status and pursue its own development. Armenian claims to political choice in the territory invoked this principle against Azerbaijan's sovereignty claim.

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