National Bolshevism

National Bolshevism combines revolutionary communism with nationalism, advocating a strong state and national sovereignty alongside elements of Bolshevik politics. It has appeared in distinct German and Russian movements.

Ernst Niekisch: A German writer and political activist who promoted a national-revolutionary alliance with Soviet communism. His writings made National Bolshevism a distinct current in interwar Germany.
Bolshevism: The revolutionary Marxist movement led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia in 1917. National Bolshevism borrows its revolutionary and state-centered communist vocabulary.
National Socialism: The far-right ideology of the Nazi movement, combining racial hierarchy, dictatorship, and German expansionism. Its nationalism and anti-communism sharply distinguish it from National Bolshevik currents.
Schlageter campaign: A 1923 German communist campaign that portrayed nationalist activist Albert Leo Schlageter as a patriot resisting French occupation. The campaign was a concrete attempt to address nationalist audiences through communist politics.
Weimar Republic: The German parliamentary republic established after World War I and ended when the Nazi regime took power. Its crises enabled interwar national-revolutionary currents to gain a hearing.
Nationalism: A political principle that identifies the nation as a central source of identity and political legitimacy. National identity supplies the ideological element joined to Bolshevik politics.
Fascism: An authoritarian ultranationalist political tradition that rejects liberal democracy and organized class conflict. National Bolshevism can resemble fascism in nationalism while retaining communist language and references.
National Bolshevik Party: A Russian political party founded in 1993 by Eduard Limonov and others, combining radical nationalism with communist symbolism. It became the best-known post-Soviet organization explicitly named for National Bolshevism.
German Communist Party: A major German communist party founded in 1918 and active during the Weimar Republic. Its relationship with nationalist forces shaped early German National Bolshevik debate.
Marxism: A political and economic theory analyzing society through class relations, material conditions, and conflict. Its class-centered framework forms the doctrine National Bolshevism selectively reworks.

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