National liberation movement

A political movement seeking independence or self-determination from foreign or colonial rule, often through organized political action, armed struggle, or both.

Anti-colonialism: Political opposition to colonial domination and the institutions that sustain it. It supplies the shared critique that can unite different constituencies against colonial rule.
Algerian War: The 1954–1962 conflict in which Algeria won independence from France. The National Liberation Front led an armed struggle that ended French colonial rule.
Haitian Revolution: A revolution from 1791 to 1804 that ended slavery and French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue. It established an early, consequential precedent for anticolonial independence led by the colonized.
Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into India and Pakistan, accompanied by mass displacement and communal violence. It demonstrates how independence could produce new borders and severe human consequences.
Autonomism: A political position advocating self-government within a larger state rather than full sovereignty. It seeks local control without necessarily demanding the independent state sought by liberation movements.
Civil resistance: Collective action that contests power through nonviolent methods such as strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations. Movements can disrupt colonial administration and build legitimacy without using armed force.
Indian independence movement: The political struggle that ended British rule in India in 1947. It combined mass civil resistance, political negotiation, and competing visions of independence.
Latin American wars of independence: The wars that broke Spanish and Portuguese imperial rule across much of Latin America in the early nineteenth century. They linked national sovereignty to the collapse of European empires in the Americas.
Neocolonialism: The persistence of external economic or political influence over formally independent states. Formal sovereignty does not necessarily end unequal relationships with former imperial powers.
Separatism: A political movement seeking to withdraw a territory or community from an existing state. Separatist campaigns can resemble liberation movements, though they may not oppose colonial rule.

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