National Socialism

National Socialism was the German fascist movement led by Adolf Hitler and the ideology of the Nazi regime that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Führerprinzip: The principle that political authority should flow from a supreme leader through a hierarchy of unquestioning obedience. It concentrated Nazi authority in Hitler and subordinated institutions to his command.
Treaty of Versailles: The 1919 peace treaty that imposed territorial, military, and financial terms on Germany after World War I. Nazi politics exploited resentment over the treaty and its symbolic association with defeat.
Adolf Hitler: The German dictator who led the Nazi Party and ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. He shaped the movement’s ideology, seized power, and directed the regime’s expansion and violence.
World War II: A global war fought from 1939 to 1945, involving the Axis powers and the Allies. Nazi expansion triggered the European war and shaped its course.
Italian Fascism: The authoritarian nationalist movement and regime led by Benito Mussolini in Italy from 1922 to 1943. It shared fascist features with Nazism but differed in historical origins and racial doctrine.
Gleichschaltung: The Nazi process of bringing German political, social, and cultural institutions under party control. It dismantled independent institutions and made the state serve the regime.
Weimar Republic: Germany’s democratic republic from 1918 to 1933, marked by political conflict and severe economic crises. National Socialism grew within its instability and replaced it through legal and coercive means.
Joseph Goebbels: The Nazi politician who headed the regime’s Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda from 1933. He coordinated propaganda that promoted Hitler and advanced Nazi policies.
The Holocaust: The Nazi genocide of six million European Jews during World War II. It was the culmination of the regime’s antisemitic persecution and extermination policy.
Communism: A political and economic tradition seeking a classless society based on common ownership of productive resources. Nazi propaganda treated communism as an existential enemy, despite their distinct ideologies.

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