Natural environment

The living and nonliving surroundings of organisms, including land, water, air, climate, and interactions among them. It includes both natural processes and the conditions they create.

Ecosystem: A community of organisms interacting with one another and with their physical surroundings. Ecosystems describe the interacting living and nonliving parts of particular environments.
Biogeochemical cycle: The movement of chemical elements through organisms and Earth's atmosphere, waters, and rocks. These cycles connect living systems with nonliving environmental reservoirs.
Environmental science: The interdisciplinary study of the environment and the effects of human activity on it. This field examines natural systems together with human impacts and responses.
Climate change: Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, driven today mainly by human greenhouse gas emissions. It alters climatic conditions that shape environments and the organisms within them.
Built environment: Human-made surroundings, including buildings, roads, infrastructure, and designed public spaces. It contrasts with naturally formed surroundings while often overlapping them in cities and settlements.
Habitat: The natural place or conditions in which an organism lives. A habitat narrows the environment to the conditions and place used by a particular organism.
Food web: A network of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. Food webs show how energy and matter pass among environmental organisms.
Conservation biology: The scientific study of protecting biodiversity and preventing species extinctions. It applies ecological knowledge to preserve species and the environments they depend on.
Habitat destruction: The loss or degradation of places where organisms live, often caused by human activity. It removes or fragments the living spaces that sustain environmental communities.
Cultural landscape: A landscape shaped by the interaction of people and the natural environment over time. It shows how human history can become part of a landscape's character.

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