Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

An armed communist insurgency in India waged by Naxalite and Maoist groups against the state, rooted in the 1967 Naxalbari uprising.

People's war: A revolutionary strategy that builds political and military power through prolonged mobilization, especially among rural populations. Maoist groups frame their struggle as a prolonged war rooted in rural support.
Kanu Sanyal: An Indian communist revolutionary and leading organizer of the Naxalbari uprising. He helped organize the uprising alongside Charu Majumdar and Jangal Santhal.
Red Corridor: A broad, shifting belt of Indian districts affected by Maoist insurgency, mainly in central and eastern India. The label identifies the regions where the insurgency has been most concentrated.
Communist Party of India: An Indian communist party founded in 1925 that has participated in parliamentary politics. Its electoral strategy contrasts with the insurgency’s commitment to armed revolution.
Guerrilla warfare: Irregular warfare using small, mobile forces to ambush stronger opponents and avoid decisive battles. Insurgent units use mobility and ambushes against India’s larger security forces.
Jangal Santhal: A Santhal communist organizer who led peasant mobilization in the Naxalbari region. His work connected the founding revolt to local Adivasi and peasant communities.
Operation Green Hunt: A media-coined name for intensified Indian security operations against Maoist insurgents beginning around 2009. It represents the large-scale counterinsurgency campaign launched as Maoist violence spread.
Communist Party of India (Marxist): An Indian communist party formed in 1964 after a split in the Communist Party of India. The CPI(M) pursued parliamentary politics, unlike the revolutionary faction that launched Naxalbari.
Communist Party of India (Maoist): An Indian communist party formed in 2004 through the merger of two major Maoist organizations. It is the principal organization directing the contemporary armed insurgency.
Kishenji: The nom de guerre of Mallojula Koteshwar Rao, a senior Maoist leader killed in 2011. His organizing and command roles made him a prominent figure in the insurgency’s later expansion.

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