Negotiation

Negotiation is a process in which two or more parties communicate to reach an agreement or resolve a disagreement. It can occur between individuals, organizations, or governments.

Bargaining: Bargaining is the exchange of proposals and concessions to settle terms between parties. It describes the offer-and-counteroffer process often used within negotiations.
Negotiation theory: Negotiation theory studies strategic interaction in which parties seek agreements despite partly conflicting interests. It provides formal models for understanding how negotiation choices affect outcomes.
Collective bargaining: Collective bargaining is negotiation between employers and workers’ representatives over employment terms. It applies negotiation to wages, working conditions, and labor agreements.
Arbitration: Arbitration is a dispute-resolution process in which an arbitrator hears parties’ positions and issues a decision. Unlike negotiation, arbitration can end with a decision the parties did not jointly craft.
Best alternative to a negotiated agreement: A best alternative to a negotiated agreement is the most advantageous course available if talks fail. It helps a party judge whether a proposed deal beats walking away.
Game theory: Game theory is the mathematical study of strategic situations in which outcomes depend on multiple decision-makers. It models how each party’s choices depend on expectations about the others.
Diplomacy: Diplomacy is the conduct of relations between political entities through representatives and other peaceful means. Negotiation is a central method for managing relations and disputes between states.
Litigation: Litigation is the resolution of disputes through formal court proceedings. Court procedures replace direct agreement-seeking with adjudication under law.
Reservation price: A reservation price is the least favorable price a buyer accepts or the most favorable price a seller accepts. It marks a party’s limit for accepting a negotiated offer.
Distributive bargaining: Distributive bargaining allocates a fixed pool of value among parties with competing claims. It captures negotiations where one party’s larger share leaves less for another.

Linked from 32 pages