Neo-fascism

Neo-fascism comprises postwar movements and ideologies that revive or adapt fascist principles, often combining ultranationalism and authoritarianism with opposition to liberal democracy and the political left.

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Fascism: An ultranationalist, authoritarian political ideology that subordinates individuals to a mythic national community and rejects liberal pluralism. Neo-fascism adapts principles and symbols inherited from this interwar ideology.
Italian Social Movement: An Italian political party founded in 1946 by supporters of the defeated Fascist regime. It became a major postwar vehicle for former fascists and their political heirs.
Populist radical right: A family of anti-elitist, nativist parties that accept electoral competition while challenging liberal pluralism. It overlaps with neo-fascism but generally operates within electoral democracy rather than explicitly reviving fascism.
Years of Lead: A period of political violence and social conflict in Italy, roughly spanning the late 1960s through the 1980s. Neo-fascist organizations and militants were involved in violence during this period.
Ultranationalism: An exclusionary form of nationalism that treats the nation as supreme and demands intense loyalty to it. Neo-fascist movements frame national renewal through an exclusionary vision of belonging.
National Democratic Party of Germany: A German far-right political party founded in 1964, with roots in nationalist and former Nazi milieus. Its postwar electoral politics provide a prominent German case of neo-fascist continuity.
Conservatism: A political tradition favoring continuity, inherited institutions, and cautious change. Conservatism can defend hierarchy without embracing fascist national rebirth or one-party rule.
Bologna massacre: A 1980 bombing of Bologna's railway station that killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. Italian neo-fascist militants were convicted for the bombing, which became a defining atrocity.
Authoritarianism: A political system or orientation that concentrates power and limits political pluralism and individual freedoms. Neo-fascist projects seek strong leadership and constrain opposition.
Ordine Nuovo: An Italian far-right organization founded in 1956 by Pino Rauti and associated with neo-fascist activism. Its activists carried fascist doctrines into postwar organizing and political violence.