Nepalese monarchy

The hereditary institution that ruled Nepal from the unification of the kingdom in the eighteenth century until the republic was established in 2008.

Prithvi Narayan Shah: The Gorkha king who conquered the Kathmandu Valley and founded a unified Nepal in the eighteenth century. His campaigns established the kingdom over which the Shah dynasty ruled.
Rana dynasty: The hereditary prime ministers who controlled Nepal’s government from 1846 to 1951 while retaining the Shah monarchs as figureheads. The Ranas governed in the king’s name while keeping Shah monarchs politically weak.
Tribhuvan of Nepal: King of Nepal from 1911 to 1955, associated with the end of Rana rule and the restoration of royal authority. His return from exile accompanied the 1951 transition away from Rana dominance.
Nepalese Civil War: The 1996–2006 armed conflict between the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the state. The insurgency challenged royal authority and weakened the existing political order.
Shah dynasty: The dynasty that ruled Nepal from its unification under Prithvi Narayan Shah until the monarchy ended in 2008. It supplied Nepal’s monarchs for most of the kingdom’s history.
Jung Bahadur Rana: The military leader who seized power in Nepal in 1846 and founded the Rana regime. His takeover created the hereditary premiership that eclipsed the monarchy.
Mahendra of Nepal: King of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 who dissolved parliament and established the partyless Panchayat system. His rule made the king the center of an explicitly authoritarian political order.
2006 Nepalese revolution: The mass movement that forced King Gyanendra to restore parliament and ended direct royal rule. It stripped the king of executive power and opened the way to abolition.
Malla dynasty: A succession of dynasties that ruled city-states in the Kathmandu Valley before its conquest by Gorkha. Its rival kingdoms were absorbed during the monarchy’s founding conquest.
Kot massacre: The 1846 palace killings in Kathmandu that enabled Jung Bahadur Rana to seize political power. The massacre marked the violent transfer of power from court factions to the Rana family.

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