Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging comprises methods that measure or visualize brain structure, activity, or chemistry in living organisms, often without surgery.

Magnetic resonance imaging: An imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of internal anatomy. Its magnetic-resonance signals reveal brain anatomy without ionizing radiation.
Neuroanatomy: The study of the structure and organization of the nervous system. Anatomical knowledge gives brain images their structural landmarks.
Structural MRI: MRI protocols designed to depict brain anatomy, including tissue boundaries and lesions. It is widely used to assess brain structure in clinical and research settings.
Neuroimaging artifact: A feature in an imaging result caused by acquisition or processing rather than the underlying brain. Artifacts can resemble anatomy or activity and distort interpretation.
Neuroimaging reproducibility: The extent to which neuroimaging findings recur across samples, laboratories, and analysis choices. Small samples and flexible analyses have challenged the reliability of some reported findings.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging: An MRI method that estimates brain activity from blood-oxygenation changes. It maps activity indirectly through changes in blood oxygenation.
Cerebral blood flow: The volume of blood delivered to brain tissue per unit time. Several imaging signals track blood delivery rather than neurons themselves.
Functional neuroimaging: Methods that map brain function by measuring activity-related signals in living organisms. This broader category includes blood-based and electrophysiological activity mapping.
BOLD contrast: The MRI signal variation caused by changes in blood oxygenation and blood volume. This contrast drives most fMRI studies but is not a direct measure of neural firing.
Neuroimaging meta-analysis: A statistical synthesis of results from multiple neuroimaging studies. It can test whether reported brain-activity patterns generalize across studies.

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