Neurosecretory systems

Neurosecretory systems are networks of specialized neurons that release hormones or other signaling molecules into blood or surrounding tissue, linking neural activity to chemical signaling.

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Neurosecretion: The release of signaling molecules by neurons into blood or extracellular fluid. Names the defining output of neurons in these systems.
Neurosecretory cell: A neuron that releases hormones or other signaling molecules beyond a synapse. These specialized neurons are the cellular units of the system.
Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system: The hypothalamic neurons and axons that deliver oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary. It is a direct example of neurons releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
Neuroendocrinology: The study of interactions between the nervous system and endocrine system. This field examines the systems and feedback loops that neurosecretion helps create.
Neurohemal organ: A specialized site where neurosecretory terminals release molecules into the circulation. Some systems use these structures to deliver neuronal signals to blood.
Peptide hormone: A hormone composed of amino acids and typically stored in secretory vesicles. Many neurosecretory products are peptide hormones packaged for regulated release.
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system: A vascular pathway carrying hypothalamic regulatory hormones to the anterior pituitary. It shows how neurosecretory signals can control another endocrine gland through blood.
Endocrine system: The body's network of hormone-producing organs and cells that regulate distant targets. Neurosecretory systems form a neural route into this broader hormonal network.
Axonal transport: The movement of materials along an axon using molecular motors and the cytoskeleton. Neurosecretory products often travel from neuronal cell bodies to release sites.
Hypothalamus: A brain region that regulates autonomic, endocrine, and homeostatic functions. Its neurosecretory neurons coordinate major links between the brain and endocrine organs.