New Economic Policy

A Soviet policy introduced in 1921 that restored limited private trade and markets while the state retained control of major industries, banking, and foreign trade.

Prodrazvyorstka: A Bolshevik grain-requisition system that took a fixed share of peasants’ produce during the Russian Civil War. The NEP replaced this coercive requisitioning with a tax in kind and permission to sell surplus.
War Communism: The Bolshevik system of economic controls, requisitions, and nationalization used during the Russian Civil War. The NEP reversed key War Communism measures after their economic and political costs mounted.
Vladimir Lenin: A Russian revolutionary and Bolshevik leader who headed the Soviet government from 1917 until 1924. Lenin argued for the retreat to regulated markets as a way to preserve Soviet power and rebuild production.
Scissors crisis: A 1923 Soviet price disparity in which industrial goods cost far more relative to agricultural products than before. The crisis revealed how uneven industrial recovery could undermine peasant willingness to sell grain.
Tax in kind: A levy paid with a share of agricultural produce rather than money. It replaced grain requisitioning and let peasants sell what remained after paying the levy.
Russian Civil War: The conflict from 1917 to 1922 among the Bolsheviks, their opponents, and foreign intervention forces. Its destruction and supply crises left Soviet leaders facing an economic emergency in 1921.
Nikolai Bukharin: A Bolshevik theorist and politician who became a prominent defender of the NEP. Bukharin advocated a gradual path in which peasant agriculture and markets could support Soviet industrialization.
Grain procurement crisis: A Soviet shortfall in state grain purchases in 1927–1928 amid tensions between agricultural prices and industrial goods. The crisis exposed the limits of relying on market incentives to secure grain for the cities.
Private enterprise: Business activity owned and operated by private individuals or groups rather than the state. The NEP permitted small private businesses and trade while keeping major sectors nationalized.
Russian famine of 1921–1922: A devastating famine in Soviet Russia caused by drought, war damage, and disruptions to food production and distribution. The famine intensified pressure to restore incentives and increase food supplies.

Linked from 22 pages