New Imperialism

New Imperialism was the rapid expansion of European and other powers into overseas territories, especially from the 1870s to 1914, driven by industrial competition, nationalism, and strategic ambitions.

Scramble for Africa: The rapid partition and occupation of most of Africa by European powers in the late nineteenth century. It was the clearest large-scale expression of the era’s accelerated territorial expansion.
Congo Free State: A Central African territory ruled personally by King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1908. Its coercive extraction of rubber exposed the violence behind imperial claims of development.
Industrial Revolution: The transformation to machine-based production that began in Britain and spread across the world from the eighteenth century. Industrial growth increased demand for raw materials, markets, and investment opportunities.
Colonialism: A system in which an external power establishes political control over a territory and its people. New Imperialism was a major late-nineteenth-century expansion of colonial rule.
Berlin Conference: An 1884–1885 meeting of European powers that set rules for claiming territory in Africa. Its rules encouraged occupation as the basis for internationally recognized claims.
Second Boer War: A war from 1899 to 1902 between the British Empire and two Boer republics in southern Africa. The conflict grew from British expansion and strategic and economic interests in the region.
Second Industrial Revolution: A late-nineteenth-century phase of industrial growth marked by steel, chemicals, electricity, and new production systems. Its industries intensified competition for resources and overseas markets.
Herero and Nama genocide: The German colonial campaign of extermination and forced displacement against Herero and Nama people in German South West Africa from 1904 to 1908. It reveals the extreme violence colonial rule could produce.
Cecil Rhodes: A British imperialist, mining magnate, and politician who helped extend British power in southern Africa. His career joined private investment, colonial expansion, and British strategic ambition.
Philippine–American War: A war from 1899 to 1902 between the United States and Filipino forces resisting American rule. It shows how overseas imperial expansion extended beyond Europe’s colonial empires.

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