New South Wales

New South Wales is an Australian state on the continent’s southeast coast. Established as a British penal colony in 1788, it later became Australia’s most populous state.

First Fleet: The eleven ships that carried British convicts and officials to establish a colony at Port Jackson in 1788. Its arrival founded the British settlement that became New South Wales.
New South Wales Corps: A British army regiment stationed in the colony from 1790, deeply involved in its commerce and politics. Its officers’ political influence culminated in the Rum Rebellion.
Frontier Wars: A series of conflicts between Aboriginal peoples and British settlers during the colonization of Australia. Settler expansion across New South Wales brought violent conflict and dispossession.
Colony of New South Wales: The British colonial possession that began in 1788 and preceded the modern Australian state. Its penal-colony government differed from the self-governing state formed after responsible government.
Aboriginal sovereignty in Australia: The continuing assertion that Aboriginal peoples retain sovereignty and authority over their ancestral lands. British settlement in New South Wales proceeded without a treaty with its Aboriginal peoples.
Arthur Phillip: The Royal Navy officer who led the First Fleet and served as the first governor of New South Wales. He selected Sydney Cove and governed the colony’s first years.
Convict assignment: A penal practice assigning transported convicts to work for government or private employers. It organized much of the colony’s labor after transportation.
Myall Creek massacre: The 1838 killing of at least 28 Aboriginal people by a group of settlers in New South Wales. The trials that followed became a rare colonial prosecution of settlers for murdering Aboriginal people.
Victoria: An Australian state south of New South Wales, with Melbourne as its capital. Its separation from New South Wales created a distinct southern rival and neighbor.
Treaty in Australia: Debates and proposals concerning treaties between Australian governments and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The colony’s founding raises questions about the absence of treaties in New South Wales.

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