Newlands Resolution

The 1898 joint resolution of the United States Congress that annexed the Republic of Hawaiʻi and made it a U.S. territory.

Joint resolution: A measure approved by both chambers of the United States Congress and presented to the president. Congress used this legislative form to claim authority to annex Hawaiʻi.
Kingdom of Hawaii: The independent Hawaiian state ruled by a monarchy until its overthrow in 1893. Its overthrow set the events in motion that eventually led to annexation.
Territory of Hawaii: The organized incorporated territory of the United States established in Hawaiʻi in 1900. The resolution’s annexation was followed by territorial government under the Hawaiian Organic Act.
Hawaiian anti-annexation petitions: Petitions presented in 1897 opposing annexation, bearing thousands of signatures from Native Hawaiians. They document organized opposition that challenged claims of Hawaiian consent.
United States Congress: The bicameral federal legislature of the United States, comprising the Senate and House of Representatives. Both chambers approved the measure that became the resolution.
Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom: The 1893 removal of Queen Liliʻuokalani by a group of local residents and United States personnel. The overthrow produced the provisional government that sought annexation.
Hawaiian Organic Act: The 1900 federal law that established a territorial government for Hawaiʻi. It supplied the governing framework that the annexation resolution itself did not create.
Blount Report: The 1893 report by U.S. commissioner James H. Blount investigating the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. Its account of the overthrow informed later disputes about the annexation’s legitimacy.
William McKinley: The 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 to 1901. McKinley signed the resolution into law on July 7, 1898.
Liliʻuokalani: The last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, deposed in 1893. She opposed annexation and protested the overthrow of her government.

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