Newtonian dynamics

Newtonian dynamics describes how forces change the motion of bodies through Newton’s laws, in regimes where quantum and relativistic effects are negligible.

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Newton's laws of motion: Three laws relating inertial motion, net force, and action–reaction pairs. These laws supply the central rules for predicting motion from forces.
Force: An interaction that changes momentum or, equivalently, produces acceleration for a body of fixed mass. Net force is the dynamical input that changes a body's momentum.
Projectile motion: The motion of an object launched into the air and acted on primarily by gravity. It applies Newtonian laws to a trajectory with a nearly constant gravitational force.
Special relativity: A theory of space, time, and motion that applies in inertial frames, including at high speeds. It replaces Newtonian kinematics when speeds approach the speed of light.
Newton's second law: The law that net force equals the time rate of change of momentum. It gives the quantitative link between a body's net force and changing motion.
Mass: A physical property measuring inertia and contributing to gravitational interaction. Inertial mass determines how much acceleration a given net force produces.
Two-body problem: The motion of two bodies interacting through a central force, often gravity. It yields the idealized orbital motion of bodies such as planets and satellites.
General relativity: A theory in which gravity is the curvature of spacetime caused by matter and energy. It supersedes Newtonian gravity in strong fields or when high precision is required.
Classical mechanics: The framework describing motion of macroscopic bodies using classical laws. Newtonian dynamics is a central part of this broader mechanics framework.
Acceleration: The rate at which velocity changes with time. Newton’s second law relates acceleration to net force and mass.