Newtonian mechanics

Newtonian mechanics describes motion and its causes using Newton’s laws of motion and universal gravitation. It works well for everyday speeds and scales but is superseded by relativity and quantum mechanics in extreme regimes.

Newton's laws of motion: Three laws relating inertial motion, net force, and action–reaction pairs. They provide the framework’s rules for how forces change motion.
Classical mechanics: The branch of physics describing motion and forces without quantum effects. Newtonian mechanics is its foundational formulation for ordinary speeds and scales.
Projectile motion: The motion of an object moving under gravity after being launched, often with air resistance neglected. It is a direct application of Newton’s laws to everyday trajectories.
Special relativity: A theory of space, time, and motion that applies consistently in inertial frames, including at high speeds. It replaces Newtonian predictions when speeds approach the speed of light.
Newton's law of universal gravitation: A law stating that every mass attracts every other mass with force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to distance squared. It extends the laws of motion to explain gravitational attraction.
Force: An interaction that can change an object's motion, represented by a vector. Newton’s second law makes net force the cause of acceleration.
Celestial mechanics: The study of the motions of celestial bodies under gravity. Newtonian gravity predicts many planetary and satellite orbits.
General relativity: Einstein’s theory describing gravitation as the curvature of spacetime. It supersedes Newtonian gravity where gravitational fields are strong or precision is high.
Inertial frame of reference: A reference frame in which force-free bodies move at constant velocity. Newton’s laws take their simplest form in these frames.
Mass: A physical quantity measuring inertia and contributing to gravitational attraction. It determines both resistance to acceleration and the strength of gravitational interactions.

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