Newton's law of cooling

Newton's law of cooling models an object's temperature change as proportional to the difference between its temperature and the surrounding temperature, assuming constant surroundings and a constant heat-transfer coefficient.

Heat transfer coefficient: A parameter measuring heat transfer between a surface and its surroundings per unit area and temperature difference. It sets the rate at which the modeled temperature difference shrinks.
Temperature: A physical quantity that characterizes thermal state and determines the direction of spontaneous heat transfer. The law tracks temperature rather than total thermal energy.
Forensic entomology: The use of insects and their development to investigate legal and forensic questions. Cooling-based estimates can help constrain the time since death in early investigations.
Stefan–Boltzmann law: A law stating that a body's thermal radiation power scales with the fourth power of absolute temperature. Radiative cooling is nonlinear in temperature, unlike the law's linear temperature-difference assumption.
Newton's law of cooling differential equation: The differential equation stating that temperature changes in proportion to the difference from ambient temperature. This equation expresses the law's proportional-rate assumption precisely.
Heat: Energy transferred between systems because of a temperature difference. Cooling occurs as energy leaves the object through heat transfer.
Newton's law of heating: The same proportional-temperature model applied when an object's temperature approaches a warmer environment. It describes warming with the same mathematics and opposite direction of heat flow.
Fourier's law of heat conduction: A constitutive law relating heat flux within a material to its temperature gradient. It models internal conduction, not the object's overall temperature change at its boundary.
Exponential decay: A process in which a quantity decreases at a rate proportional to its current value. The temperature difference follows this pattern when ambient temperature remains constant.
Specific heat capacity: The heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree. It helps determine how much the object's temperature changes for a given heat loss.

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