Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a phosphorylated coenzyme whose reduced form, NADPH, supplies electrons for biosynthesis and antioxidant defense.

NADP+/NADPH: The oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, interconverted by electron transfer. This redox pair carries the reducing power supplied by NADP-dependent reactions.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: A redox coenzyme that transfers electrons in metabolism, existing in oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH forms. NADP is structurally derived from NAD by addition of a phosphate group.
Calvin cycle: The photosynthetic pathway that fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH. NADPH supplies electrons for the reduction steps that build carbohydrate precursors.
NAD+: The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which accepts electrons in metabolic reactions. NAD+ is preferentially used in catabolic oxidation, unlike NADP+’s common anabolic role.
NAD kinase: An enzyme that phosphorylates NAD+ or NADH to produce NADP+ or NADPH. It creates the NADP pool from the related NAD coenzymes.
Nicotinamide: A pyridine-ring compound that forms the redox-active portion of NAD and NADP coenzymes. Its ring accepts and donates the electrons carried by NADP.
Fatty acid synthesis: A set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that assemble fatty acids from acetyl-CoA-derived units. NADPH provides reducing equivalents for repeated chain-building reactions.
FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide, a redox coenzyme that transfers electrons in enzymes and respiratory pathways. FAD carries electrons through flavin chemistry rather than the nicotinamide ring used by NADP.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, producing NADPH. This enzyme is a major source of NADPH in many cells.
Adenosine: A nucleoside composed of adenine linked to ribose. An adenosine unit forms one end of the NADP molecule.

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