Knowra Nine Years' War Nine Years' War A European war fought from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance, led by the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy. It ended with the Treaty of Ryswick.
Grand Alliance : A coalition formed in 1689 to resist French expansion, led by William III and including the Dutch Republic, the Habsburg Monarchy, and several German states. It coordinated the principal powers fighting Louis XIV.
War of the Reunions : A series of French campaigns from 1683 to 1684 that annexed territories claimed by Louis XIV through his courts of reunion. These annexations intensified fears that France would keep expanding.
Battle of the Boyne : A 1690 battle in Ireland in which William III's forces defeated James II's army. It was a major campaign within the war's Irish theater.
Treaty of Ryswick : The 1697 peace settlement that ended the Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance. It closed the conflict while forcing France to surrender some recent conquests.
War of the League of Augsburg : The European conflict beginning in 1688 between France and the League of Augsburg, which became the Nine Years' War. The war began under this earlier coalition's name.
Palatinate succession : The 1685 succession dispute over the Palatinate, after the death of its Protestant elector Charles II without a direct heir. Louis XIV's claims on behalf of his sister-in-law helped trigger the 1688 invasion.
Battle of Beachy Head : A 1690 naval battle in which the French fleet defeated the combined English and Dutch fleets in the English Channel. The French victory exposed the coalition's vulnerability at sea.
Treaty of Turin (1696) : The 1696 peace between France and Savoy, which withdrew Savoy from the Grand Alliance. Savoy's separate peace weakened the coalition before the general settlement.
William III of England : The Dutch-born ruler of the Dutch Republic and, from 1689, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His leadership joined Dutch and English power against France.
Treaty of Regensburg : The 1684 agreement that gave France possession of its recent reunions for twenty years. Its temporary settlement left French gains and rivalries unresolved.
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