Nineteenth Amendment

The 1920 amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying or abridging voting rights on account of sex.

Seneca Falls Convention: A 1848 women’s rights gathering in New York that issued the Declaration of Sentiments. Its demands helped launch the organized women’s suffrage movement in the United States.
United States Constitution: The supreme law of the United States, establishing its national government and setting limits on governmental power. The Nineteenth Amendment changed the Constitution through its formal amendment process.
Susan B. Anthony: An American reformer who campaigned for women’s suffrage and helped lead the National Woman Suffrage Association. Her decades of organizing made her a central figure in the movement behind the amendment.
Women's suffrage in the United States: The movement to secure voting rights for women in the United States, achieved nationally through the Nineteenth Amendment. The amendment was the movement’s major national constitutional victory.
American Woman Suffrage Association: An organization founded in 1869 that pursued women’s voting rights through state campaigns and political alliances. Its state-by-state strategy shaped the campaign that eventually secured the amendment.
Article V of the United States Constitution: The constitutional article specifying how amendments to the United States Constitution are proposed and ratified. Its ratification rules determined how the suffrage amendment could become law.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American women’s rights activist who helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention and the early suffrage movement. Her advocacy helped establish the movement’s case for women’s political rights.
Jim Crow laws: State and local laws that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised Black Americans, especially in the American South. Racist voting restrictions continued to block many Black women despite the amendment’s ratification.
National Woman Suffrage Association: An organization founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to pursue women’s rights, including voting rights. Its federal amendment campaign became central to the eventual constitutional strategy.
Tennessee's ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment: Tennessee's 1920 approval supplied the final state ratification needed for the Nineteenth Amendment. The amendment crossed the constitutional threshold after Tennessee became the thirty-sixth ratifying state.

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