Non-coding DNA

Non-coding DNA comprises genomic sequences that do not encode proteins, including regulatory elements, introns, and genes for functional noncoding RNAs.

Introns: Noncoding sequences within genes that are removed from precursor RNA during RNA processing. They are a widespread class of non-coding DNA embedded within protein-coding genes.
Transcription factor: A protein that binds specific DNA sequences and influences transcription. Transcription factors recognize regulatory non-coding DNA to activate or repress genes.
Genome-wide association study: A study that tests genetic variants across many individuals for association with a trait or disease. Many associated variants fall in non-coding regions, complicating the path from variant to trait.
Protein-coding gene: A gene whose transcript contains instructions for making a protein. It contrasts with non-coding DNA by specifying a protein product.
Enhancer: A DNA sequence that can increase transcription of a gene, often from a distance. Enhancers are regulatory non-coding sequences that help control gene expression.
Chromatin: The complex of DNA and proteins that packages and organizes eukaryotic genomes. Chromatin structure can expose or conceal non-coding regulatory sequences.
Enhancer hijacking: Misregulation caused when a genomic rearrangement brings an enhancer near an unintended gene. It shows how altered placement of non-coding DNA can contribute to cancer.
Exon: A portion of a gene retained in a mature RNA after RNA processing. Exons can encode protein, but some exons belong to non-coding RNA genes.
Promoter: A DNA region where transcription machinery assembles to begin RNA synthesis. Promoters are non-coding DNA near genes that help initiate transcription.
Alternative splicing: RNA processing that joins exons in different combinations to produce distinct transcripts from one gene. Introns contain signals that help determine which RNA segments are retained or removed.

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Human genomeRelated: Much of the human genome does not encode proteins but still has diverse roles.