North Germanic languages

A branch of the Germanic language family comprising Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, and their historical ancestors. Its modern languages descend from Old Norse.

Proto-Germanic: The reconstructed ancestor of the Germanic languages, spoken before their historical diversification. North Germanic is one of the branches that developed from this ancestral language.
Danish: A North Germanic language spoken primarily in Denmark and parts of northern Germany. Its close relationship with Swedish and Norwegian contrasts with its distinctive sound system.
North Germanic languages phonology: The sound systems and patterns of sound change found across North Germanic languages. Shared sound history reveals both common inheritance and later divergence.
Proto-Norse: The early North Germanic language represented in Scandinavian runic inscriptions before Old Norse. It marks an early stage between Proto-Germanic and the attested Old Norse varieties.
Old Norse: The medieval North Germanic language spoken across Scandinavia and Norse settlements. It is the common historical ancestor of the modern North Germanic languages.
Swedish: A North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and parts of Finland. It is a mainland Scandinavian language with extensive mutual intelligibility with Norwegian.
North Germanic languages grammar: The grammatical structures shared or developed among North Germanic languages. Comparing inflection, word order, and pronouns shows how the languages changed from Old Norse.
Elder Futhark: The oldest widely used runic alphabet, employed by Germanic peoples from roughly the second to eighth centuries. Its inscriptions preserve early evidence for the language ancestral to Old Norse.
Germanic languages: A branch of Indo-European languages that includes German, English, Dutch, and the North Germanic languages. This broader family places North Germanic alongside West and East Germanic branches.
Norwegian: A North Germanic language of Norway with two official written standards, Bokmål and Nynorsk. Its written standards and dialect diversity distinguish it within the mainland group.

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