Northern Song dynasty

The Northern Song dynasty ruled much of China from 960 to 1127, with its capital at Kaifeng. It presided over major growth in commerce, cities, printing, and scholarly culture before losing northern China to the Jurchen Jin.

Song dynasty: A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279, divided into Northern and Southern periods. The Northern Song was the first half of this longer dynasty.
Song dynasty commercial revolution: The major expansion of commerce, markets, and monetary exchange during the Song dynasty. Northern Song growth made trade a defining force in daily and state life.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period: A period of political fragmentation in China from 907 to 960, between the Tang and Song dynasties. Its competing regimes created the conditions in which Song reunification took place.
Jingkang Incident: The 1126–1127 Jurchen capture of Kaifeng and abduction of the Song emperors. This catastrophe ended Northern Song rule and forced the court’s flight south.
Emperor Taizong of Song: The second Song emperor, who reigned from 976 to 997 and expanded the dynasty’s institutions. His reign consolidated the new dynasty and established patterns of centralized government.
Kaifeng: A city in Henan that served as the Northern Song capital. Its dense population and waterways made it the dynasty’s political and commercial center.
Kaifeng Night Market: The late-night commercial district described in accounts of Northern Song Kaifeng. Its shops and food stalls show how urban commerce extended beyond daylight hours.
Emperor Taizu of Song: The founding emperor of the Song dynasty, who reigned from 960 to 976. His military coup founded the dynasty and began the consolidation of China.
Jin dynasty (1115–1234): A Jurchen-led dynasty that ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. The Jin conquered Northern Song territory and replaced its rule across the north.
Emperor Renzong of Song: A Song emperor who reigned from 1022 to 1063 during a long period of cultural and institutional development. His reign saw influential debates over reform, administration, and the state’s finances.

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