Northern Yuan

The Mongol regime that ruled from the Mongolian Plateau after losing control of China in 1368. It ended with the Qing conquest in 1635.

Ming dynasty: The Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644, succeeding the Yuan dynasty. Ming forces drove the Yuan court from China and remained its principal southern rival.
Dayan Khan: A Mongol ruler who reunified much of the Mongolian Plateau in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. His consolidation restored central authority after Northern Yuan’s prolonged fragmentation.
Genghis Khan: The founder of the Mongol Empire, who united Mongol tribes and began major conquests in the early thirteenth century. Northern Yuan khans grounded their legitimacy in descent from his Borjigin lineage.
Yuan dynasty: The Mongol-led dynasty that ruled China from 1271 until the Ming conquest in 1368. Northern Yuan continued the Yuan ruling house’s claims, but no longer governed China.
Qing conquest of Mongolia: The Qing state’s gradual subjugation of Mongol territories during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The conquest incorporated the region once governed by Northern Yuan into Qing rule.
Battle of Lake Poyang: A decisive naval battle in 1363 between Zhu Yuanzhang’s forces and those of Chen Youliang. Zhu Yuanzhang’s victory helped establish the Ming power that displaced the Yuan.
Altan Khan: A sixteenth-century leader of the Tümed Mongols who founded Hohhot and fostered Tibetan Buddhism. His power showed how regional leaders could rival the nominal khagan.
Mandukhai Khatun: A Mongol queen who helped restore Chinggisid rule by supporting and marrying the young Batu Möngke. Her leadership enabled Dayan Khan’s rise and the reunification of Mongol territories.
Later Jin dynasty: The Manchu state founded by Nurhaci in 1616, renamed the Qing dynasty by Hong Taiji in 1636. Its expansion into Mongol lands turned Northern Yuan’s final rulers into Qing subjects.
Inner Mongolia: A region of northern China inhabited by Mongols and other peoples, now an autonomous region of China. Its eastern Mongol lands became part of the Qing imperial domain after Northern Yuan’s defeat.

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