Northwest Indian War

The Northwest Indian War was a conflict between the United States and a confederation of Native American nations over control of the Northwest Territory from 1785 to 1795.

Battle of Fallen Timbers: The 1794 battle in which U.S. forces defeated a confederated Native army near the Maumee River. The decisive U.S. victory broke the confederacy’s military resistance.
Treaty of Paris (1783): The agreement that ended the American Revolutionary War and assigned Britain’s claims east of the Mississippi to the United States. The treaty transferred territorial claims without Native nations’ consent.
Little Turtle: A Miami leader and military strategist who helped command the Native confederacy during the war. His leadership helped produce the confederacy’s 1791 victory over St. Clair.
Native American land loss: The reduction of Indigenous control over ancestral territories through treaties, warfare, and state expansion. The treaty’s cessions accelerated Native dispossession in the Ohio Valley.
Treaty of Greenville: The 1795 treaty that ended the war and ceded much of present-day Ohio to the United States. Its terms formalized the territorial outcome of the war.
Ohio Country: A region centered on the Ohio River valley that became a focus of Native and colonial territorial conflict. Control of this region was the war’s central territorial issue.
Blue Jacket: A Shawnee war leader who commanded Native forces in the Northwest Indian War. He led confederated forces at Fallen Timbers and pursued resistance before the treaty.
Indian Intercourse Act of 1790: A U.S. law requiring federal approval for land purchases from Native nations. It asserted federal control over the treaty-making process amid contested land claims.
Battle of the Wabash: The 1791 battle in which a Native confederacy inflicted a major defeat on a U.S. army under Arthur St. Clair. The defeat exposed weaknesses in U.S. military organization and prompted reform.
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784): An agreement in which some Haudenosaunee leaders ceded claims to lands south and west of their territory to the United States. The U.S. used the treaty to support claims that Native confederates rejected.

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