Norwegian resistance movement

The civilian and military opposition to Nazi German rule in Norway from 1940 to 1945. It included clandestine intelligence, sabotage, armed action, and nonviolent resistance.

Milorg: The principal Norwegian military resistance organization during the German occupation, formed to prepare for liberation. It organized clandestine military units and coordinated their growth under occupation.
Operation Weserübung: Germany's April 1940 invasion of Denmark and Norway. The invasion displaced Norway's government and triggered armed and clandestine opposition.
Heavy water sabotage: Allied-backed Norwegian operations from 1942 to 1944 that disrupted German access to heavy water at Vemork. The operations became the resistance's best-known campaign against a German wartime research effort.
Jens Christian Hauge: A Norwegian resistance leader who headed Milorg during the later occupation and became a postwar government minister. His leadership helped turn Milorg into a more effective national military organization.
Liberation of Norway: The restoration of Norwegian self-government after Germany's surrender in May 1945. Resistance networks helped maintain Norwegian authority and prepare for the transition to liberation.
XU: A Norwegian intelligence organization that collected information about German forces and occupation policy. Its clandestine reporting supplied Allied and Norwegian authorities with intelligence from occupied Norway.
Norwegian campaign: The military campaign in Norway from April to June 1940, ending in German occupation. Its defeat left resistance to continue after organized Norwegian forces withdrew or surrendered.
Operation Gunnerside: A February 1943 Norwegian commando raid that destroyed equipment at the Vemork heavy-water plant. Norwegian agents carried out the decisive plant sabotage after earlier efforts failed.
Gunnar Sønsteby: A Norwegian resistance fighter who led sabotage operations in Oslo under the codename No. 24. His group carried out urban operations against German occupation interests.
Norwegian home front: Norwegian society under German occupation, including everyday life, collaboration, and opposition. The resistance was one part of a wider society shaped by occupation and divided loyalties.

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