Nucleic acid sequence

A nucleic acid sequence is the ordered series of nucleotide bases in a DNA or RNA molecule. Its order stores biological information and can be represented with letters such as A, C, G, and T or U.

Nucleotide: A molecule composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides supply the bases and backbone units arranged in a sequence.
DNA replication: The cellular process that copies DNA before cell division. Complementary pairing allows each DNA strand to guide synthesis of a new sequence.
DNA sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It reads DNA sequence directly, enabling genetic analysis and comparison.
Mutation: A heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material. Mutations alter sequence order and can create new biological variants.
Nucleobase: A nitrogen-containing molecule that forms part of a nucleotide and can pair with another base. The sequence records the order of these bases, commonly abbreviated A, C, G, T, or U.
Transcription: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by an RNA polymerase. It transfers sequence information from a DNA region into an RNA molecule.
RNA sequencing: A set of methods for determining and quantifying RNA sequences in a sample. It reveals which RNA molecules are present and their sequence variants.
Single-nucleotide polymorphism: A common genetic variation at a single nucleotide position in a population. It is a frequent, precisely localized form of sequence variation.
DNA: A double-stranded nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in most organisms. DNA is one of the two molecule types whose base order defines this concept.
Translation: The process in which ribosomes use an RNA sequence to assemble a protein. Ribosomes interpret sequence triplets as instructions for amino acid order.

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