Numismatics

Numismatics is the study and collection of coins, paper money, medals, and related objects. It examines their manufacture, circulation, design, and historical significance.

Coin: A piece of metal or other material issued as money, usually bearing an official design or mark. Coins are the central objects of numismatic study and collection.
Mint (coin production): An institution or facility that manufactures coins under public or private authority. Mint records and marks can identify where and under whose authority a coin was made.
Numismatic authentication: The evaluation of a coin or monetary object to determine whether it is genuine and correctly attributed. Authentication protects collections and establishes whether an artifact can support historical claims.
Guillaume Budé: A French humanist scholar whose 1514 treatise on Roman coinage helped establish systematic study of ancient money. His work helped make coins evidence for historical and philological research.
Scripophily: The study and collection of historical stocks, bonds, and other financial certificates. It concerns collectible financial documents, while numismatics centers on currency and money-like objects.
Banknote: A paper or polymer document issued by an authority as legal tender or redeemable currency. Banknotes extend numismatic study beyond metal currency.
Coin die: A hardened engraved tool used to strike a coin's design onto a metal blank. Die characteristics help numismatists distinguish issues, production stages, and counterfeit pieces.
Coin collecting: The organized acquisition and study of coins as a hobby or scholarly pursuit. Collecting preserves objects and generates much of the comparative material used in numismatics.
Joseph Hilarius Eckhel: An Austrian Jesuit scholar whose systematic catalogue of Greek and Roman coins shaped modern classical numismatics. His geographical and political organization of ancient coins became a durable scholarly method.
Notaphily: The study and collection of paper money. It specializes in banknotes, one part of the broader scope of numismatics.

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