Old East Slavic

Old East Slavic was the medieval language of the East Slavic lands and the common ancestor of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian.

East Slavic languages: A branch of Slavic languages comprising Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. Old East Slavic is the historical ancestor from which this branch developed.
Kievan Rus': A medieval polity centered on Kyiv that flourished from the late ninth to the mid-thirteenth century. Its political and cultural networks formed the setting in which Old East Slavic is documented.
Primary Chronicle: A medieval East Slavic chronicle that narrates the early history of Kievan Rus'. Its narrative prose is among the best-known witnesses to medieval East Slavic writing.
Russian language: An East Slavic language spoken primarily in Russia and by communities worldwide. Russian developed from the northern and northeastern varieties of medieval East Slavic.
Church Slavonic: The Slavic liturgical and literary language descended from Old Church Slavonic and used in Orthodox worship. Its prestige and religious use overlapped with Old East Slavic without making them the same language.
Old Church Slavonic: The earliest attested Slavic literary language, based on South Slavic dialects and used in Christian texts. It influenced Old East Slavic writing but was a distinct language with a different regional basis.
Christianization of Kievan Rus': The adoption of Christianity by Kievan Rus', conventionally dated to the reign of Vladimir the Great around 988. Christian institutions expanded literacy and brought Church Slavonic into contact with local writing.
Novgorod First Chronicle: A chronicle preserving a regional account of Novgorod's history from the medieval period onward. Its language and content provide a northern regional comparison with Kyiv-centered chronicle traditions.
Ukrainian language: An East Slavic language spoken primarily in Ukraine and by communities worldwide. Ukrainian developed through the southwestern East Slavic tradition and later regional history.
Modern Russian: The standardized contemporary form of the Russian language. Its grammar and vocabulary differ from medieval Old East Slavic despite direct historical descent.

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