Omar al-Bashir

Omar al-Bashir is a Sudanese military officer who ruled Sudan from 1989 until his overthrow in 2019, serving as president for most of that period.

Darfur genocide: Mass atrocities in Darfur beginning in 2003, involving Sudanese forces and allied militias against civilian communities. The International Criminal Court charged al-Bashir with genocide and crimes against humanity over atrocities in Darfur.
National Islamic Front: A Sudanese Islamist political organization that helped shape the 1989 coup and the government that followed. Its alliance with military officers supplied political organization and Islamist leadership to al-Bashir’s new regime.
Sudan: A country in northeastern Africa, independent since 1956 and marked by regional, ethnic, and political diversity. Al-Bashir’s rule was shaped by Sudan’s contested statehood and deep regional divisions.
Abd al-Fattah al-Burhan: A Sudanese military officer who led the Transitional Military Council after al-Bashir’s removal. Al-Burhan headed the military authority that replaced al-Bashir in 2019.
South Sudanese independence: The 2011 secession of South Sudan from Sudan after decades of conflict and a referendum. The 2005 peace settlement during al-Bashir’s rule enabled the referendum that divided Sudan.
National Congress Party (Sudan): The ruling Sudanese party formed in 1998 from the political movement that supported al-Bashir’s government. The party became the regime’s main civilian political vehicle.
Sadiq al-Mahdi: A Sudanese political and religious leader who served as prime minister before al-Bashir’s 1989 coup. His elected government was overthrown by the coup that brought al-Bashir to power.
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo: A Sudanese military leader known as Hemedti, who commands the Rapid Support Forces. His paramilitary force grew from Darfur-era militias and became a rival center of power.
Second Sudanese Civil War: A 1983–2005 conflict between Sudan’s government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army. Al-Bashir inherited the war and concluded it with the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement.
National Intelligence and Security Service: Sudan’s principal intelligence and internal-security agency under al-Bashir’s government. The agency monitored opposition and helped enforce the regime’s control.

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