Open access

Open access makes scholarly research available online without subscription barriers. Its routes include immediate publication in open journals and later release through repositories.

Gold open access: A route in which an article is openly available on its publisher’s platform, often upon publication. It provides immediate access through the journal itself.
Subscription journal: A scholarly journal whose content is generally available to subscribers or paying institutions. Its reader-facing access barrier contrasts with open availability.
Budapest Open Access Initiative: A 2002 declaration that helped define and promote open access to scholarly literature. It articulated two routes: self-archiving and open-access journals.
Plan S: An initiative requiring research funded by participating agencies to be openly accessible upon publication. It uses funder requirements to accelerate immediate open access.
Article processing charge inequality: Unequal ability to pay publication fees that can limit who publishes in some open-access journals. Reader access may improve while author-side financial barriers persist.
Green open access: A route in which authors make a version of a scholarly work openly available in a repository. It enables access outside the journal’s subscription platform.
Hybrid open access: A journal model offering open access to selected articles while keeping other content subscription-based. It combines open articles with the subscription model within one journal.
Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing: A 2003 statement setting out principles for open-access biomedical research publishing. It developed criteria for access and reuse in research publishing.
Open access mandate: A policy requiring researchers to make eligible publications openly available. Mandates turn access goals into institutional or funder obligations.
Copyright transfer agreement: A contract transferring some or all copyright from an author to a publisher. Such agreements can restrict later sharing of accepted manuscripts.

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