Open science

Open science is an approach to research that makes methods, data, publications, and other outputs accessible, reusable, and transparent.

Open access: Free, immediate online access to scholarly publications, often with permissions for reuse. It removes price barriers to research papers, one of open science’s most visible outputs.
Pre-registration: The public time-stamped registration of a study’s plans before its results are known. It helps distinguish planned analyses from decisions made after examining results.
Scientific revolution: A period of major changes in European scientific thought and practice, chiefly during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The development of shared methods and public scientific communication has deeper historical roots.
Traditional academic publishing: Scholarly publishing in which access to articles is commonly limited by subscriptions or payments. Subscription barriers conflict with open science’s goal of broad access to research.
Plan S: An initiative launched in 2018 requiring open access to scholarly publications resulting from research funded by participating organizations. It uses funder policy to press for immediate open access to funded research.
Open data: Data made available for access and reuse, often under an explicit license. Sharing research datasets lets others check analyses and conduct new studies.
Registered report: A journal article format in which a study is peer-reviewed before data collection, with publication decisions made independently of results. It makes publication less dependent on whether findings are positive or statistically significant.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: A scientific journal founded in 1665 and among the earliest periodicals devoted to scholarly research. It helped establish journal publication as a durable channel for circulating research.
Paywall: A digital access restriction that requires payment or a subscription to view content. Paywalls prevent some researchers and members of the public from reading findings.
Creative Commons licenses: Standardized licenses that let creators specify permissions for sharing and reusing their work. Clear reuse permissions turn access into legally defined possibilities for redistribution and adaptation.

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