Organoid

An organoid is a three-dimensional, self-organizing cell culture that reproduces selected structural or functional features of an organ.

Pluripotent stem cell: A cell capable of producing nearly every cell type in the body. Pluripotent cells can generate the diverse tissues that organize into some organoids.
Disease modeling: The use of experimental systems to reproduce biological features of a disease. Organoids can reproduce selected disease features in human-derived tissue models.
Organoid-on-a-chip: A microfluidic device that cultures organoid tissue under controlled flow or mechanical conditions. Chip platforms add controlled flows and interfaces to organoid-based experiments.
Organoid maturation: The development of organoid cells and structures toward more mature tissue states. Many organoids resemble developing rather than fully mature organs, limiting some adult-disease studies.
Hans Clevers: A Dutch molecular biologist known for research on intestinal stem cells and organoid culture. His group established influential methods for growing intestinal organoids from adult stem cells.
Adult stem cell: A tissue-resident cell that self-renews and produces specialized cells of its tissue. Adult stem cells can form organoids that preserve features of their tissue of origin.
Drug discovery: The process of identifying and developing compounds that may treat disease. Organoid assays can compare candidate compounds in tissue-like cultures.
Organ-on-a-chip: A microengineered device that recreates selected organ functions using living cells and controlled microenvironments. Unlike self-organizing organoids, these devices usually rely on engineered layouts and fluid control.
Organoid vascularization: The development or incorporation of blood-vessel networks within organoid tissue. Lack of perfused vessels restricts oxygen and nutrient delivery in larger organoids.
Intestinal stem cell: A self-renewing cell in intestinal tissue that produces the epithelium's specialized cells. Intestinal stem cells provided an early basis for long-term, self-organizing organoid cultures.

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