Original sin

Original sin is the condition of sin or alienation from God that Christian theology associates with humanity’s inheritance of the consequences of the Fall.

Augustinian original sin: A doctrine, developed by Augustine, that humanity shares Adam’s guilt and a disordered will through descent. It gives the influential account of inherited guilt and concupiscence.
Genesis 3: The biblical chapter recounting the first humans’ disobedience and expulsion from Eden. Its account of the Fall supplies the narrative foundation for the doctrine.
Pelagianism: A theological position associated with Pelagius that emphasizes human moral ability and rejects inherited original sin in its Augustinian form. It denies the necessity of grace in the way Augustine’s doctrine asserts.
Grace in Christianity: God’s freely given favor and aid, understood in Christianity as necessary for salvation and holy living. Original sin explains why human beings need divine help beyond unaided moral effort.
Concupiscence: Disordered desire that inclines a person toward sin, especially in Christian theology. Augustine treated this persistent inclination as a consequence of the Fall.
Fall of man: The Christian account of humanity’s first disobedience to God and resulting rupture with divine order. Original sin describes the inherited condition attributed to this event.
Semi-Pelagianism: A theological position holding that human beings can make an initial movement toward God, with grace assisting their response. It occupies contested ground between Augustinian dependence on grace and Pelagian accounts.
Soteriology: The theological study of salvation and how it is accomplished. The doctrine frames what salvation must heal, forgive, or overcome.
Inherited sin: The theological claim that human beings inherit a sinful condition from their ancestors, especially Adam. It names the transmission problem at the center of original-sin debates.
Romans 5: A New Testament passage in which Paul connects Adam’s trespass with sin and death, and Christ with justification and life. Augustine relied on its account of Adam’s relation to humanity.

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