Ottoman Iraq

Ottoman Iraq comprised the provinces and districts of present-day Iraq governed by the Ottoman Empire, chiefly from the sixteenth century until British forces occupied the region during World War I.

Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555): A war between the Ottoman and Safavid empires that ended with the 1555 Peace of Amasya. The war brought Baghdad and much of Iraq under lasting Ottoman control.
Ottoman Iraq administrative divisions: The provinces and subordinate districts through which the Ottoman state governed Iraqi territories. These divisions changed as rulers sought firmer control over the region.
Suleiman the Magnificent: The Ottoman sultan who ruled from 1520 to 1566 and expanded Ottoman power across the Middle East. His campaigns secured Baghdad and established Ottoman rule over much of Iraq.
Basra Eyalet: An Ottoman province centered on Basra, controlling access to the Persian Gulf and lower Tigris–Euphrates region. Its Gulf position made it a key gateway for commerce and imperial strategy.
Mesopotamian campaign: The British and Ottoman military campaign fought in Iraq during World War I from 1914 to 1918. British victories and occupation ended Ottoman government in Iraq.
Battle of Chaldiran: A 1514 battle in which the Ottoman Empire defeated the Safavid Empire in eastern Anatolia. The Ottoman victory weakened Safavid power near the frontier of Iraq.
Mamluk dynasty of Iraq: A hereditary ruling house that governed Baghdad and much of Iraq from 1749 to 1831 under Ottoman sovereignty. Its governors exercised unusually broad autonomy before Istanbul reasserted direct rule.
Hasan Pasha of Baghdad: An Ottoman governor of Baghdad who established the Mamluk household’s rule in Iraq in the early eighteenth century. His appointment began the dynasty’s long period of provincial autonomy.
Mosul Eyalet: An Ottoman province centered on Mosul in northern Iraq. Its northern location linked the region to Anatolia and the wider empire.
Fall of Baghdad (1917): The British capture of Baghdad from Ottoman forces in March 1917. The city’s capture made British control of central Iraq decisive.

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