Ottoman–Wahhabi War

The Ottoman–Egyptian campaign against the First Saudi State, fought from 1811 to 1818 and ending with the capture and destruction of Diriyah.

Egyptian conquest of the Hejaz: The Egyptian campaign that brought Mecca, Medina, and Jeddah under Muhammad Ali’s control between 1811 and 1813. Securing the Hejaz gave Egyptian forces a base for advancing into Najd.
Muhammad Ali of Egypt: The Ottoman governor of Egypt who built a powerful, increasingly autonomous state in the early nineteenth century. He undertook the campaign after the Ottoman sultan ordered him to recover Arabia.
Abdullah bin Saud: The final ruler of the First Saudi State, captured after the fall of Diriyah and executed in Istanbul in 1818. His capture symbolized the defeat of the state he had ruled.
Abdullah bin Saud’s execution: The execution in Istanbul in 1818 of Abdullah bin Saud, the captured ruler of the First Saudi State. His death followed his removal from Diriyah and made the defeat unmistakable.
Saud bin Abdulaziz: The ruler of the First Saudi State from 1803 to 1814, during its greatest territorial expansion. His reign brought Saudi power to the Hejaz before the Egyptian campaign reversed its gains.
Battle of Turabah: A 1813 battle in which Saudi forces defeated an Egyptian army near Turabah in western Arabia. The defeat halted an early Egyptian advance toward the Saudi heartland.
Ottoman Empire: A transcontinental empire that ruled much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa from the fourteenth century to 1922. Ottoman authority and prestige were challenged by Saudi control of the holy cities.
Destruction of Diriyah: The dismantling and depopulation of Diriyah by Egyptian forces after its capture in 1818. The destruction was the campaign’s lasting physical mark on the Saudi capital.
Ibrahim Pasha’s Arabian campaign: The Egyptian military expedition led by Ibrahim Pasha that crossed Najd and captured Diriyah in 1818. This expedition was the final and decisive phase of the war.
Turki bin Abdullah: A Saudi ruler who founded the Second Saudi State at Riyadh in 1824. He restored Saudi rule after the campaign destroyed Diriyah and dispersed its ruling family.

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