Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a group of malignant tumors arising in or near the ovaries. Most cases are epithelial cancers originating from cells associated with the ovary’s surface or nearby tissues.

High-grade serous carcinoma: An aggressive epithelial ovarian cancer subtype characterized by marked cellular atypia and frequent TP53 mutations. It is the most common and often most aggressive form of ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer staging: The classification of ovarian cancer according to its extent of spread, commonly using FIGO stages. Stage describes whether disease is confined to the pelvis or has spread farther.
BRCA2: A tumor-suppressor gene that helps repair DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination. Inherited BRCA2 variants substantially increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cyst: A fluid-filled sac in or on an ovary, most often benign. A cyst can resemble a tumor on imaging but is not itself ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer symptoms: Symptoms associated with ovarian cancer, often including persistent bloating, pelvic pain, or early satiety. Common symptoms are nonspecific, which can delay diagnosis.
Fallopian tube cancer: Cancer arising in the fallopian tube, often biologically similar to high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Many high-grade serous tumors appear to begin in the tube rather than the ovary.
Cytoreductive surgery: Surgery that removes as much visible cancer as possible from affected tissues. The amount of residual disease after surgery strongly informs treatment and prognosis.
Lynch syndrome: An inherited cancer predisposition syndrome caused by defects in DNA mismatch repair genes. It raises risk for ovarian cancer alongside colorectal and endometrial cancers.
Borderline ovarian tumor: An ovarian epithelial tumor with atypical cells but no destructive stromal invasion. Borderline tumors differ from invasive ovarian cancers in behavior and treatment.
Cancer prognosis: An estimate of how a cancer is likely to progress and respond to treatment. Ovarian cancer outcomes vary sharply by stage, subtype, and treatment response.

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