p53

p53 is a tumor-suppressor protein that responds to cellular stress by regulating genes involved in cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and cell death. Its activity is frequently disrupted in cancer.

MDM2: MDM2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds p53 and promotes its degradation. It keeps p53 levels low in unstressed cells and is itself induced by p53.
Transcription factor: A transcription factor is a protein that binds specific DNA sequences to influence gene transcription. p53 controls many stress-response genes by binding regulatory DNA.
Li–Fraumeni syndrome: Li–Fraumeni syndrome is an inherited cancer predisposition disorder commonly caused by germline TP53 variants. It shows how losing one functional TP53 copy can confer broad cancer susceptibility.
RB1: RB1 is a tumor-suppressor protein that restrains entry into the cell cycle by regulating E2F transcription factors. RB1 controls a major cell-cycle brake, while p53 responds broadly to stress and damage.
DNA damage response: The DNA damage response is a network that detects DNA lesions and coordinates repair, cell-cycle control, or cell death. DNA damage stabilizes p53 through signaling pathways including ATM and ATR.
TP53: TP53 is the gene that encodes the p53 protein in humans. Changes in this gene alter the structure or amount of p53 protein.
Missense mutation: A missense mutation changes a DNA codon so that a different amino acid is incorporated into a protein. Many TP53 cancer mutations are missense changes that alter p53's DNA-binding domain.
BRCA1: BRCA1 is a tumor-suppressor protein involved in DNA repair and genome maintenance. BRCA1 primarily supports repair pathways, whereas p53 can halt or eliminate damaged cells.
Cell-cycle checkpoint: A cell-cycle checkpoint is a control mechanism that delays progression until specific conditions are met. p53 can impose a checkpoint after damage, giving cells time to respond.
Tetramer: A tetramer is a molecular complex composed of four subunits. p53 typically binds DNA as a tetramer assembled from four protein subunits.

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