PAL

PAL is an analog color television encoding system that reverses the phase of one color-difference signal on alternating lines, reducing hue errors caused by transmission distortions.

YUV: YUV is a color representation that separates luminance from two color-difference components. PAL encodes color using two quadrature-modulated color-difference signals alongside luminance.
NTSC: NTSC is an analog color television system developed in the United States and used in several countries. NTSC does not alternate color phase between lines, making it more sensitive to phase errors.
Walter Bruch: Walter Bruch was a German engineer who led the development of the PAL color television system at Telefunken. Bruch developed PAL’s phase-alternation method and presented the system in 1963.
PAL-M: PAL-M is a 525-line, 60-field-per-second color television system used in Brazil. It combines PAL color encoding with a 525-line, 60-field broadcast format.
625-line television system: A 625-line television system is an analog scanning format with 625 total lines per frame, including lines used for synchronization. Most PAL broadcasts used 625-line formats, shaping television sets and recording equipment.
Phase alternation: Phase alternation reverses the phase of a signal component at regular intervals. PAL reverses one color-difference signal’s phase on successive lines to counter phase errors.
SECAM: SECAM is an analog color television system that transmits color-difference signals sequentially by line. SECAM avoids PAL’s quadrature color modulation by transmitting its color components on alternating lines.
Telefunken: Telefunken was a German electronics company that developed radio, television, and communications equipment. The company’s engineers developed PAL as a color television standard.
PAL-N: PAL-N is a 625-line color television system with a 3.582056 MHz color subcarrier, used in Argentina and Uruguay. Its nonstandard subcarrier frequency adapts PAL color encoding to regional broadcast requirements.
Interlaced video: Interlaced video forms a frame from two fields that display alternating lines at different times. PAL’s conventional 50-field-per-second broadcasts used interlaced scanning.

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