Pan-Mongolism

Pan-Mongolism is a nationalist movement advocating political and cultural unity among Mongolic peoples, especially across Mongolia, Buryatia, and Inner Mongolia.

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Mongolian Revolution of 1911: A revolution that ended Qing rule in Outer Mongolia and established the Bogd Khanate. The new state gave early Pan-Mongolist projects a political center.
Agvan Dorzhiev: A Buryat Buddhist monk and diplomat who served as an adviser to the Thirteenth Dalai Lama. His transnational Buddhist networks connected Mongol regions and helped advance unity proposals.
Mongolic peoples: Ethnic groups whose languages belong to the Mongolic language family and whose histories span Inner and Central Asia. Pan-Mongolism takes these diverse peoples as its proposed national community.
Mongolian nationalism: A political movement centered on the sovereignty, identity, and interests of the Mongolian nation-state. Its focus on one state differed from Pan-Mongolism's cross-border ambitions.
Mongolian People's Republic: A socialist state in Mongolia that existed from 1924 to 1992 and maintained close ties with the Soviet Union. Its borders fixed a separate Mongolian state rather than encompassing all Mongol regions.
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia: The theocratic Mongolian state established in 1911 under the spiritual and temporal rule of the Bogd Khan. Its leaders sought to unite Mongol territories beyond Outer Mongolia.
Buryat intellectuals: A group of educated Buryats who shaped modern political, cultural, and national debates in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Their activism linked Mongol cultural identity to proposals for political solidarity.
Mongolian language: The principal Mongolic language, spoken chiefly in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. Shared language offered a cultural basis for solidarity across political borders.
Chinese nationalism: Political movements advocating Chinese national sovereignty, unity, or political identity. Chinese state claims over Inner Mongolia opposed its incorporation into a wider Mongol polity.
Inner Mongolian autonomy movement: Political efforts by Mongols in China to secure self-government and protect regional institutions. Its goals sometimes overlapped with broader Mongol solidarity but operated within China's political framework.