Pap test

The Pap test examines cells collected from the cervix to detect precancerous changes and cervical cancer, often before symptoms appear.

Cervical cytology: The microscopic examination of cells collected from the cervix to identify abnormalities. A Pap test is a screening application of cervical cytology.
Cervical cancer screening: The use of tests to detect cervical precancer or cancer in people without symptoms. The Pap test is one method used within this broader screening strategy.
Liquid-based cytology: A cytology preparation method that suspends collected cells in preservative fluid before laboratory examination. It is an alternative specimen-processing method to conventional Pap smear slides.
George Papanicolaou: A Greek-American physician whose research established exfoliative cytology and the cervical test bearing his name. His work turned examination of shed cervical cells into a widely used screening method.
Self-sampling for HPV: A method in which a person collects a sample themselves for testing for high-risk HPV. Self-sampling may reach people who do not attend clinician-collected Pap screening.
Cervical transformation zone: The area where the cervix's glandular epithelium meets its squamous epithelium, often the origin of precancerous changes. Sampling this area improves the chance of collecting cells where many cervical precancers begin.
Human papillomavirus test: A test that detects high-risk human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. It can be used alongside or instead of cytology, depending on age and screening guidance.
Conventional Pap smear: A cytology method in which collected cervical cells are spread directly onto a glass slide. It contrasts with liquid-based preparation, though both examine cervical cells.
Cervical cancer mortality: Deaths caused by cervical cancer within a population over a specified period. Organized screening programs have helped reduce deaths by detecting precancer and early disease.
Cervical screening interval: The recommended time between routine cervical screening tests for a defined population. Evidence continues to shape how often cytology and HPV testing should be repeated.

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